Abstract
Objective
To estimate the prevalence of healthy lifestyle characteristics and to examine the
association between different combinations of healthy lifestyle characteristics and
cardiovascular disease biomarkers.
Patients and Methods
The prevalence of healthy lifestyle characteristics was estimated for the US adult
population (N=4745) using 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
data for the following parameters: being sufficiently active (accelerometer), eating
a healthy diet (Healthy Eating Index based on 24-hour recalls), being a nonsmoker
(serum cotinine level), and having a recommended body fat percentage (dual-energy
X-ray absorptiometry). Cardiovascular biomarkers included mean arterial pressure,
C-reactive protein, white blood cells (WBCs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio, fasting low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance,
hemoglobin A1c, and homocysteine. The study was conducted from August 15, 2013, through January
5, 2016.
Results
Only 2.7% (95% CI, 1.9%-3.4%) of all adults had all 4 healthy lifestyle characteristics.
Participants with 3 or 4 compared with 0 healthy lifestyle characteristics had more
favorable biomarker levels except for mean arterial blood pressure, fasting glucose,
and hemoglobin A1c. Having at least 1 or 2 compared with 0 healthy lifestyle characteristics was favorably
associated with C-reactive protein, WBCs, HDL-C, total cholesterol, and homocysteine.
For HDL-C and total cholesterol, the strongest correlate was body fat percentage.
For homocysteine, a healthy diet and not smoking were strong correlates; for WBCs,
diet was not a strong correlate.
Conclusion
Although multiple healthy lifestyle characteristics are important, specific health
characteristics may be more important for particular cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Abbreviations and Acronyms:
CRP (C-reactive protein), DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c), HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), HEI (Healthy Eating Index), HOMA (homeostasis model assessment), HR (hazard ratio), LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), MEC (mobile examination center), MVPA (moderate to vigorous physical activity), NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics), NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), PIR (income to poverty ratio), WBC (white blood cell)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 21, 2016
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© 2016 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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