Abstract
Objective
To determine whether moderate cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or moderate to vigorous
physical activity (MVPA) is associated with elevations in resting metabolic rate (RMR)
similar to findings previously observed in endurance athletes.
Participants and Methods
Using a cross-sectional design, we measured CRF, RMR, body composition, energy expenditure,
and time in MVPA via an arm-based activity monitor in 423 young adults (mean age,
27.6 years). Based on the results of a fitness test, participants were classified
into CRF tertiles (low, moderate, or high) by sex.
Results
There were significant differences among the low-, moderate-, and high-CRF groups
for mean ± SD body mass index (calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the
height in meters squared) (28.1±4.1, 25.1±3.4, and 23.6±2.5, respectively; P<.001) and fat mass (28.8±9.7, 20.5±8.2, and 14.8±6.5 kg, respectively; P<.001) but not fat-free mass (53.1±11.5, 53.5±12.4, and 54.7±12.1 kg, respectively;
P=.49). There were no differences in mean ± SD unadjusted RMR among the groups (1533.2±266.2,
1519.7±267.6, and 1521.9±253.9 kcal/d, respectively). However, after statistical adjustment
for differences in body composition, the moderate- and high-CRF groups had a higher
RMR compared with low-CRF individuals by 39.7 and 59.9 kcal/d, respectively (P<.05). After further adjustment for MVPA, RMR was higher in the high-CRF group compared
with the low-CRF group by 51.2 kcal/d (P<.05).
Conclusion
In this large sample of young adults representing a range of CRF, there was a positive
stepwise gradient in RMR across tertiles of CRF independent of body composition. Also,
MVPA was independently associated with RMR, although this relationship was modest.
These findings underscore the multidimensional role of CRF and MVPA on health.
Trial Registration
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01746186
Abbreviations and Acronyms:
ALST (appendicular lean soft tissue), CRF (cardiorespiratory fitness), DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), FFM (fat-free mass), FM (fat mass), MET (metabolic equivalent of task), MVPA (moderate to vigorous physical activity), NDSR (Nutrition Data System for Research), RMR (resting metabolic rate), TDEE (total daily energy expenditure)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Mayo Clinic ProceedingsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Scientific decision making, policy decisions, and the obesity pandemic.Mayo Clin Proc. 2013; 88: 593-604
- Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 90: 1453-1456
- 45-Year trends in women's use of time and household management energy expenditure.PloS One. 2013; 8: e56620
- Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity.PloS One. 2011; 6: e19657
- Maternal inactivity: 45-year trends in mother's use of time.Mayo Clin Proc. 2013; 88: 1368-1377
- Energy metabolism and obesity.Med Clin North Am. 2000; 84: 347-362
- Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain.N Engl J Med. 1988; 318: 467-472
- Metabolic rate and physical development in children at risk of obesity.Lancet. 1990; 336: 76-78
- No association between resting metabolic rate or respiratory exchange ratio and subsequent changes in body mass and fatness: 5-1/2 year follow-up of the Quebec family study.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000; 54: 610-614
- Fasting respiratory exchange ratio and resting metabolic rate as predictors of weight gain: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992; 16: 667-674
- Intra-individual variability and measurement noise in estimates of energy expenditure by whole body indirect calorimetry.Br J Nutr. 1987; 58: 347-356
- Factors influencing variation in basal metabolic rate include fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and circulating thyroxine but not sex, circulating leptin, or triiodothyronine.Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82: 941-948
- Reexamination of the relationship of resting metabolic rate to fat-free mass and to the metabolically active components of fat-free mass in humans.Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55: 790-794
- Prediction of resting energy expenditure from fat-free mass and fat mass.Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 56: 848-856
- Criteria for valid nitrogen balance measurement of protein requirements.Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996; 50: S196-S197
- Relationship of genetics, age, and physical fitness to daily energy expenditure and fuel utilization.Am J Clin Nutr. 1989; 49: 968-975
- The effects of exercise-training on energy balance and adipose tissue morphology and metabolism.Sports Med. 1985; 2: 223-233
- Resting metabolic rate is lower in women than in men.J Appl Physiol. 1993; 75: 2514-2520
- Effect of endurance training on sedentary energy expenditure measured in a respiratory chamber.Am J Physiol. 1991; 260: E257-E261
- The influence of physical activity on BMR.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28: 85-91
- Accuracy of armband monitors for measuring daily energy expenditure in healthy adults.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42: 2134-2140
- Field validation of the MTI Actigraph and BodyMedia armband monitor using the IDEEA monitor.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15: 918-928
- The Energy Balance Study: the design and baseline results for a longitudinal study of energy balance.Res Q Exerc Sport. 2013; 84: 275-286
- Total-body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by a new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method.Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76: 378-383
- Body-composition differences between African American and white women: relation to resting energy requirements.Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79: 780-786
- Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of nonfatal cardiovascular disease in women and men with hypertension.Am J Hypertens. 2007; 20: 608-615
- Evaluation of a portable device to measure daily energy expenditure in free-living adults.Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85: 742-749
- Dietary assessment methodology.in: Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. 3rd ed. Academic Press, Waltham, MA2013: 5-46
- Integration of the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.J Am Diet Assoc. 2001; 101: 1142-1143
- Systematic errors in middle-aged women's estimates of energy intake: comparing three self-report measures to total energy expenditure from doubly labeled water.Ann Epidemiol. 2002; 12: 577-586
- Age-related decline in RMR in physically active men: relation to exercise volume and energy intake.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 281: E633-E639
- Meal size and thermic response to food in male subjects as a function of maximum aerobic capacity.Metabolism. 1984; 33: 743-749
- The effect of exercise-training on resting metabolic rate in lean and moderately obese individuals.Int J Obes. 1986; 10: 511-517
- Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake, 2: effect on glucose metabolism and resting energy expenditure.Int J Obes. 1990; 14: 75-84
- Increased resting metabolic rate and lipid oxidation in exercise-trained individuals: evidence for a role of β-adrenergic stimulation.Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992; 70: 1342-1347
- Resting metabolic rate and postprandial thermogenesis by level of aerobic fitness in young women.Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993; 47: 575-585
- Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of nonfatal cardiovascular events in asymptomatic women and men.Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 165: 1413-1423
- Physical activity in US adults: compliance with the physical activity guidelines for Americans.Am J Prev Med. 2011; 40: 454-461
- Assessment of physical activity by self-report: status, limitations, and future directions.Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000; 71: S1-S14
- Physical activity and resting metabolic rate.Proc Nutr Soc. 2003; 62: 621-634
- High energy flux mediates the tonically augmented β-adrenergic support of resting metabolic rate in habitually exercising older adults.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89: 3573-3578
- Tonic sympathetic support of metabolic rate is attenuated with age, sedentary lifestyle, and female sex in healthy adults.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 4440-4444
- Interaction of acute changes in exercise energy expenditure and energy intake on resting metabolic rate.Am J Clin Nutr. 1995; 61: 473-481
- Low resting metabolic rate as a risk factor for weight gain: role of the sympathetic nervous system.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995; 19: S8-S9
- Influence of eccentric actions on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training.Acta Physiol Scand. 1991; 143: 177-185
- Acute phase response in exercise, II: associations between vitamin E, cytokines, and muscle proteolysis.Am J Physiol. 1991; 260: R1235-R1240
- Effect of physical exercise on in vitro production of interleukin 1, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin 2 and interferon-γ.Int J Sports Med. 1991; 12: 223-227
- Effect of suspending exercise training on resting metabolic rate in women.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24: 59-65
- Acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to the stress of treadmill exercise: physiologic adaptations to physical training.N Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 1309-1315
- Excess postexercise oxygen consumption: magnitude, mechanisms and practical implications.Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1992; 605: 1-70
- Role of triglyceride-fatty acid cycle in controlling fat metabolism in humans during and after exercise.Am J Physiol. 1990; 258: E382-E389
- The measurement of energy expenditure.Nutr Clin Pract. 2004; 19: 622-636
- Skeletal muscle fat oxidation: timing and flexibility are everything.J Clin Invest. 2005; 115: 1699-1702
- Effects of insulin on skeletal muscle glucose storage, oxidation, and glycolysis in humans.Am J Physiol. 1990; 258: E923-E929
- Dynamic changes in fat oxidation in human primary myocytes mirror metabolic characteristics of the donor.J Clin Invest. 2005; 115: 1934-1941
- Meta-analysis of resting metabolic rate in formerly obese subjects.Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69: 1117-1122
- Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight.N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 621-628
- Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man: methods and results using a respiratory chamber.J Clin Invest. 1986; 78: 1568-1578
- Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight gain: study of 24-h RQ.Am J Physiol. 1990; 259: E650-E657
- Fasting respiratory quotient as a predictor of weight changes in non-obese women.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998; 22: 601-603
- Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic.Science. 1998; 280: 1371-1374
- Energy balance and obesity.Circulation. 2012; 126: 126-132
US Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.smallstep.gov. Accessed December 13, 2013.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Statement from Surgeon General, Dr. Regina M. Benjamin, on the Importance of Celebrating National Women's Health Week and Empowering Women to Make Their Health a Top Priority. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/2010/05/pr20100506.html. Accessed April 10, 2014.
US Department of Agriculture. Choose My Plate. http://www.choosemyplate.gov/. Accessed April 10, 2014.
- Can a small-changes approach help address the obesity epidemic? a report of the Joint Task Force of the American Society for Nutrition, Institute of Food Technologists, and International Food Information Council.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89: 477-484
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: May 05, 2014
Footnotes
Grant Support: This study was supported by an unrestricted grant from The Coca-Cola Company. Dr Hébert was supported by an Established Investigator Award in Cancer Prevention and Control from the Cancer Training Branch of the National Cancer Institute ( K05 CA136975 ).
Potential Competing Interests: Dr Blair receives book royalties (<$5000 per year) from Human Kinetics; honoraria for service on the scientific/medical advisory boards for Technogym, Santech, Cancer Fit Steps for Life, and Clarity; and honoraria for lectures and consultations from scientific, educational, and lay groups. During the past 5 years he has received research grants from the National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, Body Media, and The Coca-Cola Company.
Identification
Copyright
© 2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
