Endometrial cancer (EC) remains the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United
States. It is expected to become more common as the prevalence of obesity, one of
the most common risk factors for EC, increases worldwide. The 2 main histologic subcategories
of EC, endometrioid and nonendometrioid EC, show unique molecular aberrations and
are responsible for markedly disparate clinical behaviors. The primary treatment of
EC is surgery, ie, hysterectomy, removal of the adnexa, and pelvic and para-aortic
lymphadenectomy, either via laparotomy or endoscopic techniques. Adjuvant therapy
is necessary for patients at high risk of recurrence and consists of vaginal brachytherapy,
teletherapy, systemic chemotherapy, or some combination thereof. Multi-institutional
trials are in progress in this country and in Europe to better define optimal adjuvant
treatment for subsets of patients, as well as the role of surgical staging in reducing
both overuse and underuse of radiation therapy. Hormonal therapy is an option for
some young women with EC who wish to preserve fertility. This review summarizes the
diagnosis and management of EC and discusses current controversies and upcoming investigations
pertaining to EC staging and adjuvant treatment.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Mayo Clinic ProceedingsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
REFERENCES
- Global cancer statistics, 2002.CA Cancer J Clin. 2005; 55: 74-108
- Endometrial cancer.Lancet. 2005; 366: 491-505
- Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms.Nat Rev Cancer. 2004; 4: 579-591
- Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002; 11: 1531-1543
- Risk factors among young women with endometrial cancer: a Danish case-control study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 182: 23-29
- Case-control study of endogenous steroid hormones and endometrial cancer.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 1127-1135
- Postmenopausal endogenous oestrogens and risk of endometrial cancer: results of a prospective study.Br J Cancer. 2001; 84: 975-981
- Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults.N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 1625-1638
- Anthropometry, physical activity, and endometrial cancer risk: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004; 96: 1635-1638
- Increased circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and decreased circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer.Endocr J. 1997; 44: 419-424
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 is required for G2 progression in the estradiol-induced mitotic cycle.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96: 3287-3291
- Steroid-modulated proliferation of human endometrial carcinoma cell lines: any role for insulin-like growth factor signaling?.J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005; 12: 58-64
- Insulin-like growth factors, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: results from a US case-control study.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004; 13: 607-612
- Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1: a biochemical marker of endometrial response to progestin during hormone replacement therapy.Maturitas. 1995; 22: 255-262
- Diabetes and endometrial cancer in the Iowa women's health study.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 10: 611-616
- Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma [published correction appears in Lancet. 2003; 362(93890):1082].Lancet. 2003; 361: 1810-1812
- Physical activity and risk of endometrial cancer in a prospective cohort study (United States).Cancer Causes Control. 2003; 14: 559-567
- Metabolic abnormalities (hypertension, hyperglycemia and overweight), lifestyle (high energy intake and physical inactivity) and endometrial cancer risk in a Norwegian cohort.Int J Cancer. 2003; 104: 669-676
- Effect of exercise on serum estrogens in postmenopausal women: a 12-month randomized clinical trial.Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 2923-2928
- Smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer: results from the Nurses' Health Study.Int J Cancer. 2005; 114: 996-1001
- Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer.N Engl J Med. 1985; 313: 593-596
- Cancer risk associated with subfertility and ovulation induction: a review.Cancer Causes Control. 2000; 11: 319-344
- Grand multiparity and incidence of endometrial cancer: a population-based study in Finland.Int J Cancer. 2002; 98: 912-915
- Associations between reproductive and menstrual factors and postmenopausal sex hormone concentrations.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004; 13: 1296-1301
- Oral contraceptives and reproductive system cancer.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003; : 199-208
- Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial.JAMA. 2003; 290: 1739-1748
- Endometrial safety of hormone replacement therapy: review of literature.Maturitas. 2002; 42: 93-104
- Endometrial cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study.Lancet. 2005; 365: 1543-1551
- Second cancer following cancer of the breast in Connecticut, 1935-82.Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1985; : 99-112
- Longitudinal hysteroscopic follow-up during tamoxifen treatment [letter].Lancet. 1998; 351: 36
- Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial.Lancet. 2002; 359: 2131-2139
- A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer.N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2747-2757
- Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma.Gynecol Oncol. 1983; 15: 10-17
- PTEN mutations and microsatellite instability in complex atypical hyperplasia: a precursor lesion to uterine endometrioid carcinoma.Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 3254-3258
- Hormonal interactions in endometrial cancer.Endocr Relat Cancer. 2000; 7: 227-242
- Endometrioid carcinoma of the uterine corpus: a review of its pathology with emphasis on recent advances and problematic aspects.Adv Anat Pathol. 2002; 9: 145-184
- Endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma: a distinctive lesion specifically associated with tumors displaying serous differentiation.Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 1260-1267
- p53 overexpression and bcl-2 persistence in endometrial carcinoma: comparison of papillary serous and endometrioid subtypes.Gynecol Oncol. 1996; 61: 167-174
- Altered PTEN expression as a diagnostic marker for the earliest endometrial precancers.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92: 924-930
- Changes in endometrial PTEN expression throughout the human menstrual cycle.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85: 2334-2338
- Global expression changes of constitutive and hormonally regulated genes during endometrial neoplastic transformation.Gynecol Oncol. 2001; 83: 177-185
- PTEN/MMAC1 mutations in endometrial cancers.Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 4736-4738
- The frequency of p53, K-ras mutations, and microsatellite instability differs in uterine endometrioid and serous carcinoma: evidence of distinct molecular genetic pathways.Cancer. 2000; 88: 814-824
- K-ras mutations in endometrial carcinomas with microsatellite instability.J Pathol. 2001; 193: 193-199
- K-ras activation in premalignant and malignant epithelial lesions of the human uterus.Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 5308-5314
- Nuclear beta-catenin is a molecular feature of type I endometrial carcinoma.J Pathol. 2003; 201: 460-465
- Abnormalities of the APC/beta-catenin pathway in endometrial cancer.Oncogene. 2002; 21: 7981-7990
- Beta-catenin mutations are specific for colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability but occur in endometrial carcinomas irrespective of mutator pathway.Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 3346-3351
- Molecular genetic pathways in various types of endometrial carcinoma: from a phenotypical to a molecular-based classification.Virchows Arch. 2004 Mar; 444 (Epub 2004 Jan 28.): 213-223
- Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium is characterized by a distinctive profile of p53, Ki-67, estrogen, and progesterone receptor expression.Hum Pathol. 1998; 29: 551-558
- Microsatellite instability in sporadic endometrial carcinoma.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994; 86: 1216-1221
- Allelotype mapping of unstable microsatellites establishes direct lineage continuity between endometrial precancers and cancer.Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 4483-4486
- Genetic instability of microsatellites in endometrial carcinoma.Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 5100-5103
- Tumor microsatellite instability and clinical outcome in young patients with colorectal cancer.N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 69-77
- p53 in endometrial cancer and its putative precursors: evidence for diverse pathways of tumorigenesis.Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 1268-1274
- Mutations predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: database and results of a collaborative study.Gastroenterology. 1997; 113: 1146-1158
- Germline mutation of MSH6 as the cause of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer [letter].Nat Genet. 1997; 17: 271-272
- Germ-line mutation of the hMSH6/GTPB gene in an atypical hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindred.Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 3920-3923
- Progestin alone as primary treatment of endometrial carcinoma in premenopausal women: report of seven cases and review of the literature.Cancer. 1997; 79: 320-327
- Detection of DNA gains and losses in primary endometrial carcinomas by comparative genomic hybridization.Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1997; 18: 115-125
- Mutations and amplification of oncogenes in endometrial cancer.Oncology. 1999; 56: 59-65
- p53 gene mutations are common in uterine serous carcinoma and occur early in their pathogenesis.Am J Pathol. 1997; 150: 177-185
- Prevalence of defective DNA mismatch repair and MSH6 mutation in an unselected series of endometrial cancers.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 13; 100 (Epub 2003 May 5.): 5908-5913
- Microsatellite instability is uncommon in uterine serous carcinoma.Am J Pathol. 1997; 150: 75-79
- Amplification and overexpression of HER-2/neu (c-erbB2) in endometrial cancers: correlation with overall survival.Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 5693-5698
- Comparative immunohistochemical study of endometrioid and serous papillary carcinoma of endometrium.Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2001; 22: 122-126
- E-cadherin expression in endometrioid, papillary serous, and clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium.Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 100: 1290-1295
- Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: prognosis and metastatic pattern.Cancer. 1996; 78: 1740-1747
- Minimal uterine serous carcinoma: diagnosis and clinicopathologic correlation.Am J Surg Pathol. 2000; 24: 797-806
- Role of cytoreduction in stage III and IV uterine papillary serous carcinoma.Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Nov; 107 (Epub 2007 Sep 6.): 190-193
- Accuracy of revised Bethesda guidelines, microsatellite instability, and immunohistochemistry for the identification of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.JAMA. 2005; 293: 1986-1994
- Transvaginal ultrasonography of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding—a Nordic multicenter study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 172: 1488-1494
- Endometrial carcinoma: the relevance of cervical cytology.Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 77: 458-462
- Pap smears in women with endometrial carcinoma.Acta Cytol. 2001; 45: 555-560
- 2001 ASCCP-Sponsored Consensus Conference. 2001 consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities.JAMA. 2002; 287: 2120-2129
- Significance of benign endometrial cells in Pap smears from postmenopausal women.J Reprod Med. 2001; 46: 795-798
- Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial. Transvaginal ultrasonography compared with endometrial biopsy for the detection of endometrial disease.N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1792-1798
- The Vabra aspirator versus the Pipelle device for outpatient endometrial sampling.Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007; 47: 132-136
- Endometrial brush biopsy for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer.J Reprod Med. 2001; 46: 439-443
- The accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia: a meta-analysis.Cancer. 2000; 89: 1765-1772
- Comparison of Endorette and dilatation and curettage for sampling of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding.Acta Obst Gynecol Scand. 2001; 80: 959-964
- Value of sonography in the diagnosis of abnormal vaginal bleeding.J Clin Ultrasound. 2004; 32: 348-353
- Transvaginal ultrasonography and endometrial cytology as a diagnostic schema for endometrial cancer.Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2005; 59 (Epub 2005 Jan 3.): 149-154
- Ultrasound examination of the endometrium before and after Pipelle endometrial sampling.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 26: 283-286
- Concurrent endometrial carcinoma in women with a biopsy diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.Cancer. 2006; 106: 812-819
- Coexisting endometrial cancer in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia.J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2004; 30: 205-209
- Endometrial cancer in patients with preoperative diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005; 122: 107-111
- Endometrial response in sequential cyclic therapy assessed with associated hysteroscopy and histology.Maturitas. 1992; 15: 199-208
- Risk of progression in complex and atypical endometrial hyperplasia: clinicopathologic analysis in cases with and without progestogen treatment.Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004; 14: 348-353
- The role of hormones for the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer.Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 18: 29-34
- Droegemueller W Herbst AL Mishel DR Comprehensive Gynecology. 4th ed. Mosby, St Louis, MO2001
- Progestin treatment of atypical hyperplasia and well-differentiated carcinoma of the endometrium in women under age 40.Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 90: 434-440
- Young patients with endometrial carcinoma selected for conservative treatment: a need for vigilance for synchronous ovarian carcinomas, case report and literature review.Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Mar; 104 (Epub 2007 Jan 9.): 757-760
- Hormonal therapy for the management of grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma: a literature review.Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 95: 133-138
- The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia: a long-term study of “untreated” hyperplasia in 170 patients.Cancer. 1985; 56: 403-412
- Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in women 40 years of age or younger.Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 64: 417-420
- Treatment of nonatypical and atypical endometrial hyperplasia with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system.Am J Obst Gynecol. 2003; 188: 1297-1298
- Intrauterine progesterone treatment of early endometrial cancer.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 186: 651-657
- Is levonorgestrel intrauterine system effective for treatment of early endometrial cancer? report of four cases and review of the literature.Gynecol Oncol. 2005; 97: 924-927
- Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) as a therapy for endometrial carcinoma.Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 95: 762-764
- Progesterone or progestogen-releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Oct; 19 (CD002126.)
- Health effects of long-term use of the intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing system: a follow-up study over 12 years of continuous use.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999; 78: 716-721
- Endometrial adenocarcinoma following the insertion of a Mirena IUCD.Gynecol Oncol. 2002; 87: 216-218
- Endometrial adenocarcinoma following insertion of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (mirena) in a 36-year-old woman.Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2006; 16: 1445-1447
- ACOG committee opinion. No. 337: noncontraceptive uses of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system.Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 107: 1479-1482
- Relationship between surgical-pathological risk factors and outcome in clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the endometrium: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.Gynecol Oncol. 1991; 40: 55-65
- Endometrial carcinoma: influence of prognostic factors on radiation management.Cancer. 1993; 71: 1471-1479
- A randomized comparison of doxorubicin alone versus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in the management of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.J Clin Oncol. 1994; 12: 1408-1414
- Doxorubicin versus doxorubicin and cisplatin in endometrial carcinoma: definitive results of a randomized study (55872) by the EORTC Gynaecological Cancer Group.Ann Oncol. 2003; 14: 441-448
- Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22: 2159-2166
- Phase III trial of doxorubicin with or without cisplatin in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22: 3902-3908
- Randomized phase III trial of whole-abdominal irradiation versus doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 1; 24 (Epub 2005 Dec 5.): 36-44
- Medically inoperable stage I endometrial carcinoma: a few dilemmas in radiotherapeutic management.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996; 34: 27-31
- High-dose-rate brachytherapy for medically inoperable stage I endometrial cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 1998; 71: 196-203
- Computed tomography in endometrial carcinoma.Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 95: 692-696
- Radiologic staging in patients with endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis.Radiology. 1999; 212: 711-718
- Retrospective analysis of selective lymphadenectomy in apparent early-stage endometrial cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun 1; 23 (Epub 2005 Feb 28.): 3668-3675
- Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: survival comparisons of patients with and without pelvic node sampling.Gynecol Oncol. 1995; 56: 29-33
- Potential therapeutic role of para-aortic lymphadenectomy in node-positive endometrial cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 2000; 76: 348-356
- Staging and therapeutic value of lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer [editorial].Gynecol Oncol. 1998; 70: 163-164
- Vaginal brachytherapy alone is sufficient adjuvant treatment of surgical stage I endometrial cancer.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 62: 1379-1384
- Clinical management of endometrial cancer.Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 106: 413-425
- GOG-99: ending the controversy regarding pelvic radiotherapy for endometrial carcinoma [editorial]?.Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 92: 740-743
- Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for patients with stage-1 endometrial carcinoma: multicentre randomised trial.Lancet. 2000; 355: 1404-1411
- A phase III trial of surgery with or without adjunctive external pelvic radiation therapy in intermediate risk endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 92: 744-751
- Adjuvant radiotherapy following properly staged endometrial cancer: what role [editorial]?.Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 92: 737-739
- Intravaginal brachytherapy alone for intermediate-risk endometrial cancer.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 62: 111-117
- High-dose-rate postoperative vaginal cuff irradiation alone for stage IB and IC endometrial cancer.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000; 46: 417-425
- Long-term survival of intermediate risk endometrial cancer (stage IG3, IC, II) treated with full lymphadenectomy and brachytherapy without teletherapy.Gynecol Oncol. 2001; 82: 371-374
- Adjuvant high dose rate vaginal brachytherapy as treatment of stage I and II endometrial carcinoma.Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 99: 235-240
- Surgery without radiotherapy for primary treatment of endometrial cancer.Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 91: 355-359
- Long-term outcomes of therapeutic pelvic lymphadenectomy for stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma.Gynecol Oncol. 1998; 70: 165-171
- Local recurrence in high-risk node-negative stage I endometrial carcinoma treated with postoperative vaginal vault brachytherapy.Gynecol Oncol. 2000; 79: 490-494
- Stage I corpus cancer: is teletherapy necessary?.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 176: 777-788
- Conservative management of stage I endometrial carcinoma after surgical staging.Gynecol Oncol. 2002; 84: 194-200
- Lymph node sampling and survival in endometrial cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 1998; 71: 340-343
- De novo adhesions with extraperitoneal endosurgical para-aortic lymphadenectomy versus transperitoneal laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy: a randomized experimental study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 183: 529-533
- The efficacy of postoperative vaginal irradiation in preventing vaginal recurrence in endometrial cancer.Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1994; 4: 84-93
- Determinants of survival of surgically staged patients with endometrial carcinoma histologically confined to the uterus: implications for therapy.Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 80: 655-659
- Surgical pathologic spread patterns of endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.Cancer. 1987; 60: 2035-2041
- The future of prognostic factors in outcome prediction for patients with cancer.Cancer. 1992; 70: 2367-2377
- The prognostic significance of vascular invasion by endometrial carcinoma.Cancer. 1996; 78: 1447-1451
- Low-risk corpus cancer: is lymphadenectomy or radiotherapy necessary?.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 182: 1506-1519
- Tumor size in endometrial cancer.Cancer. 1991; 67: 2791-2794
- Evaluation of unfavorable histologic subtypes in endometrial adenocarcinoma.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 162: 418-423
- Postoperative external irradiation and prognostic parameters in stage I endometrial carcinoma: clinical and histopathologic study of 540 patients.Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 56: 419-427
- Good outcome associated with a standardized treatment protocol using selective postoperative radiation in patients with clinical stage I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium.Gynecol Oncol. 1995; 57: 138-144
- High-risk endometrial cancer subgroups: candidates for target-based adjuvant therapy.Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 95: 120-126
- Endometrial carcinoma: paraaortic dissemination.Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 92: 833-838
- Routes of lymphatic spread: a study of 112 consecutive patients with endometrial cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 2001; 81: 100-104
- Analysis of FIGO Stage IIIc endometrial cancer patients.Gynecol Oncol. 2001; 81: 273-278
- Predictors of vaginal relapse in stage I endometrial cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 2005; 97: 820-827
- A randomized phase-III study on adjuvant treatment with radiation (RT) ± chemotherapy (CT) in early-stage high-risk endometrial cancer (NSGO-EC-9501/EORTC 55991) [abstract 5503].J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25
- An analysis of approaches to the management of endometrial cancer in North America: a CTF study.Gynecol Oncol. 1998; 68: 274-279
- Detection and patterns of treatment failure in 300 consecutive cases of “early” endometrial cancer after primary surgery.Gynecol Oncol. 1992; 47: 323-327
- Hematogenous dissemination in corpus cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 2001; 80: 233-238
- Stage IIIC endometrioid corpus cancer includes distinct subgroups.Gynecol Oncol. 2002; 87: 112-117
- Predictors of lymphatic failure in endometrial cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 2002; 84: 437-442
- Endometrial cancer: predictors of peritoneal failure.Gynecol Oncol. 2003; 89: 236-242
- Stage I endometrial carcinoma: treatment of nonoperable patients with intracavitary radiation therapy alone.Gynecol Oncol. 1991; 43: 211-216
- Primary radiation therapy for medically inoperable patients with endometrial carcinoma—stages I-II.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987; 13: 11-15
- Coexisting ovarian malignancy in young women with endometrial cancer.Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 106: 693-699
- Feasibility of ovarian preservation in patients with early stage endometrial carcinoma.Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Jan; 104 (Epub 2006 Aug 2.): 52-57
- A need for laparoscopic evaluation of patients with endometrial carcinoma selected for conservative treatment.Gynecol Oncol. 2005; 96: 245-248
- Estrogen replacement therapy in the patient treated for endometrial cancer.Obstet Gynecol. 1986; 67: 326-330
- Estrogen replacement therapy in endometrial cancer patients: a matched control study.Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 97: 555-560
- Randomized double-blind trial of estrogen replacement therapy versus placebo in stage I or II endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24: 587-592
- ACOG committee opinion: hormone replacement therapy in women treated for endometrial cancer.Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2001; 73: 283-284
- Clinicopathologic study of uterine endometrial carcinoma in young women aged 40 years and younger.Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005; 15: 657-662
- The role of MRI in the conservative management of endometrial cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 2004; 93: 233-237
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in endometrial carcinoma: preoperative estimation of depth of myometrial invasion.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995; 74: 827-831
- MR imaging in endometrial carcinoma as a diagnostic tool for the absence of myometrial invasion.Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Aug; 102 (Epub 2006 Feb 15.): 343-347
- Ovarian metastasis in a nulliparous woman with endometrial adenocarcinoma failing conservative hormonal treatment.Gynecol Oncol. 2005; 97: 652-655
- Conservative therapy for adenocarcinoma and atypical endometrial hyperplasia of the endometrium in young women: central pathologic review and treatment outcome.Cancer Lett. 2001; 167: 39-48
- Molecular analysis of familial endometrial carcinoma: a manifestation of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or a separate syndrome?.J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20; 23 (Epub 2005 Apr 18.): 4609-4616
- Microsatellite instability and hMLH1/hMSH2 expression in young endometrial carcinoma patients: associations with family history and histopathology.Int J Cancer. 2000; 86: 60-66
- Cancer risk associated with germline DNA mismatch repair gene mutations.Hum Mol Genet. 1997; 6: 105-110
- DNA mismatch repair.Ann Rev Biochem. 2005; 74: 681-710
- DNA mismatch repair and mutation avoidance pathways.J Cell Physiol. 2002; 191: 28-41
- Familial cancer aggregation in cases of adenocarcinoma corporis uteri.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1990; 69: 249-258
- New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative Group on HNPCC.Gastroenterology. 1999; 116: 1453-1456
- Heterozygous mutations in PMS2 cause hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (Lynch syndrome).Gastroenterology. 2006; 130: 312-322
- Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004; 96: 261-268
- The Lynch syndrome: melding natural history and molecular genetics to genetic counseling and cancer control.Cancer Control. 1996; 3: 13-19
- Surveillance for endometrial cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome.Int J Cancer. 2007; 120: 821-824
- Prophylactic surgery to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancers in the Lynch syndrome.N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 261-269
- Cancer risk in mutation carriers of DNA-mismatch-repair genes.Int J Cancer. 1999; 81: 214-218
- Surveillance for endometrial cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome.Int J Cancer. 2007; 120: 821-824
- Recommendations for the care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to Lynch syndrome: a systematic review.JAMA. 2006; 296: 1507-1517
- Guidelines for the clinical management of Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis cancer).J Med Genet. 2007 Jun; 44 (Epub 2007 Feb 27.): 353-362
- Surgical prevention of cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23: 324-332
- Clinical impact of molecular genetic diagnosis, genetic counseling, and management of hereditary cancer: part II: hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma as a model.Cancer. 1999; 86: 2457-2463
- Endometrial carcinoma: multiple primary malignancies, constitutional factors, and heredity.Am J Med Sci. 1966; 252: 381-390
- Endometrial adenocarcinoma: genetic analysis suggesting heritable site-specific uterine cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 1992; 47: 167-171
- A population-based study of endometrial cancer and familial risk in younger women.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996; 5: 411-417
- Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis.Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85: 304-313
- Epidemiology of breast cancer: an environmental disease?.APMIS. 2001; 109: 321-332
- Age at first birth and breast cancer risk.Bull World Health Organ. 1970; 43: 209-221
- Risk factors for endometrial cancer.Gynecol Oncol. 1974; 2: 122-129
- Reproductive, menstrual, and medical risk factors for endometrial cancer: results from a case-control study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 167: 1317-1325
- The epidemiology of endometrial cancer in young women.Br J Cancer. 1983; 47: 749-756
- Family history of breast cancer as a determinant of the risk of developing endometrial cancer: a nationwide cohort study [letter].J Med Genet. 2002; 39: 826-832
- A case-control study of cancer of the endometrium.Am J Epidemiol. 1982; 116: 333-342
- Familial breast cancer risks: effects of prostate and other cancers.Cancer. 1993; 72: 114-119
- Family history of breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer and risk of breast cancer.Int J Epidemiol. 1993; 22: 614-618
- Tumor variation in families with breast cancer.JAMA. 1972; 222: 1631-1635
- The risk of endometrial cancer in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: a prospective study.Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Jan; 104 (Epub 2006 Sep 8.): 7-10
Article Info
Identification
Copyright
© 2008 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
