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Management of Newly Diagnosed Symptomatic Multiple Myeloma: updated Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) Consensus Guidelines
1 Dr Kumar receives research support from Celgene, Novartis, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, Genzyme, and Merck.
Shaji K. Kumar
Correspondence
Individual reprints of this article are not available. Address correspondence to Shaji K. Kumar, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
2 Dr Mikhael receives research support from Celgene, Genentech, and Genzyme. Drs Dispenzieri, Roy, Stewart, Zeldenrust, and Rajkumar receive research support from Celgene. Dr Fonseca receives research support from Pfizer. Dr Gertz receives research support from Millennium Pharmaceuticals and Novartis. Dr Greipp receives research support from Celgene and Novartis and is on the Advisory Board for Amgen. Dr Hayman receives research support from Genentech. Dr Kyle serves on the Data Monitoring Committee for Johnson & Johnson and for Celgene. Dr Lacy receives research support from Pfizer and Millennium Pharmaceuticals. Dr Reeder receives research support from Celgene and Novartis. Dr Witzig receives research support from Celgene, Biogen-IDEC, and Novartis.
Joseph R. Mikhael
Footnotes
2 Dr Mikhael receives research support from Celgene, Genentech, and Genzyme. Drs Dispenzieri, Roy, Stewart, Zeldenrust, and Rajkumar receive research support from Celgene. Dr Fonseca receives research support from Pfizer. Dr Gertz receives research support from Millennium Pharmaceuticals and Novartis. Dr Greipp receives research support from Celgene and Novartis and is on the Advisory Board for Amgen. Dr Hayman receives research support from Genentech. Dr Kyle serves on the Data Monitoring Committee for Johnson & Johnson and for Celgene. Dr Lacy receives research support from Pfizer and Millennium Pharmaceuticals. Dr Reeder receives research support from Celgene and Novartis. Dr Witzig receives research support from Celgene, Biogen-IDEC, and Novartis.
Affiliations
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
1 Dr Kumar receives research support from Celgene, Novartis, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, Genzyme, and Merck. 2 Dr Mikhael receives research support from Celgene, Genentech, and Genzyme. Drs Dispenzieri, Roy, Stewart, Zeldenrust, and Rajkumar receive research support from Celgene. Dr Fonseca receives research support from Pfizer. Dr Gertz receives research support from Millennium Pharmaceuticals and Novartis. Dr Greipp receives research support from Celgene and Novartis and is on the Advisory Board for Amgen. Dr Hayman receives research support from Genentech. Dr Kyle serves on the Data Monitoring Committee for Johnson & Johnson and for Celgene. Dr Lacy receives research support from Pfizer and Millennium Pharmaceuticals. Dr Reeder receives research support from Celgene and Novartis. Dr Witzig receives research support from Celgene, Biogen-IDEC, and Novartis.
Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell neoplasm that affects more than 20,000 people each year and is the second most common hematologic malignancy. It is part of a spectrum of monoclonal plasma cell disorders, many of which do not require active therapy. During the past decade, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the disease process and factors that influence outcome, along with development of new drugs that are highly effective in controlling the disease and prolonging survival without compromising quality of life. Identification of well-defined and reproducible prognostic factors and introduction of new therapies with unique modes of action and impact on disease outcome have for the first time opened up the opportunity to develop risk-adapted strategies for managing this disease. Although these risk-adapted strategies have not been prospectively validated, enough evidence can be gathered from existing randomized trials, subgroup analyses, and retrospective studies to develop a working framework. This set of recommendations represents such an effort—the development of a set of consensus guidelines by a group of experts to manage patients with newly diagnosed disease based on an interpretation of the best available evidence.
More than 10,000 patients die each year as a direct result of MM and its complications. Traditionally, MM has been thought of as incurable, but as treatments have improved in recent years, increasing numbers of patients are dying with, but not necessarily because of, their disease. Considerable progress has been made during the past decade in understanding the basic biology of this disease and in development of more effective therapies.
One of the most important advances in the field has been the appreciation of the genetic heterogeneity that underlies this disease and its impact on the outcome of patients with myeloma.
These newly identified genetic abnormalities, along with previously described prognostic factors, have opened up the possibility of prospective risk stratification of patients with MM and subsequent tailoring of therapy in an individualized manner.
The availability of new drugs that are highly effective in controlling the disease and a better understanding of the differential impact of these drugs in the different risk groups of myeloma have further enhanced the ability to move toward a risk-adapted treatment strategy. This concept was originally put forth in the form of Mayo Stratification of Myelomaand Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) consensus guidelines published in 2007.
Semiannually, the guidelines have been modified as new data become available; the most current guidelines are always available at www.mSMART.org. These guidelines represent an attempt to offer a simplified, primarily evidence-based algorithm for making treatment decisions for patients with newly diagnosed MM. Similar recommendations have been put forth by Mayo Clinic physicians to guide treatment of other cancers.
When specific evidence is lacking, our group of 21 Mayo Clinic myeloma experts reached a consensus based on current practice patterns. The preferential use of oral vs intravenous therapies, when evidence does not conclusively favor one over the other, is largely a function of our practice pattern, rather than any implied statement about differences in efficacy.
Long-term management of patients with newly diagnosed MM can be broadly divided into the following components. In the subsequent sections, we analyze the available evidence to support specific guidelines for each of these steps.
1.
Diagnose and determine need for treatment.
2.
Stratify risk.
3.
Initiate therapy to control disease and treat or reverse complications.
4.
Consolidate initial response.
5.
Maintain response.
In addition, treatment of disease complications and institution of appropriate supportive care measures are the cornerstone of disease management and should be considered at every stage of the disease. In this set of guidelines, we limit our discussion of supportive care to those steps needed to decrease the risk of thrombotic complications associated with the new therapeutic regimens. A detailed set of guidelines regarding supportive care of patients with MM will be the focus of another manuscript. The criteria used to evaluate available evidence and the strength of the recommendations are detailed in Table 1.
TABLE 1Classification System for Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendations
Type of evidence
Level
I
Evidence obtained from meta-analysis of multiple, well-designed, controlled studies. Randomized trials with low false-positive and low false-negative errors (high power)
II
Evidence obtained from at least 1 well-designed experimental study. Randomized trials with high false-positive and/or false-negative errors (low power)
III
Evidence obtained from well-designed, quasiexperimental studies such as nonrandomized, controlled single-group, pre-post, cohort, time, or matched case-control series
IV
Evidence from well-designed, nonexperimental studies, such as comparative and correlational descriptive and case studies
V
Evidence from case reports and clinical examples
Grade of recommendation
Grade
A
Evidence of type I or consistent findings from multiple studies of type II, III, or IV
B
Evidence of type II, III, or IV, and findings are generally consistent
C
Evidence of type II, III, or IV, but findings are inconsistent
Multiple myeloma is almost always preceded by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), an asymptomatic phase characterized by a relatively small burden of clonal plasma cells and low levels of monoclonal protein.
Risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and subsequent multiple myeloma among African American and white veterans in the United States.
In some individuals, an intervening phase of smoldering MM (SMM) can be identified, which is characterized by a higher burden of malignant plasma cells and higher levels of monoclonal proteins.
Although SMM has a much higher risk of progression to symptomatic myeloma (10% per year in the first 5 years), many of these patients can be observed for years before any active therapy is required.
Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
et al.
Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: a multicentre randomized study.
it is important to distinguish this presymptomatic phase from symptomatic myeloma that requires therapy. However, availability of more active drugs has once again raised the question of early intervention to prevent progression of SMM, and current trials are evaluating this issue.
Induction of a chronic disease state in patients with smoldering or indolent multiple myeloma by targeting interleukin 1β-induced interleukin 6 production and the myeloma proliferative component.
Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group.
(Table 2). Although the presence of an M protein is the hallmark of myeloma, 1% to 2% of patients will have nonsecretory myeloma with no M protein detectable on serum or urine electrophoresis or elevated κ or λ light chains on free light chain assay. Finally, other disorders associated with monoclonal proteins, such as amyloidosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, or POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrine, monoclonal protein, and skin) syndrome, should be kept in the differential diagnosis when the diagnosis of myeloma is being considered.
TABLE 2International Myeloma Working Group Diagnostic Criteria for MGUS, SMM, and MM
Absence of CRAB (Calcium elevation [>1 mg/dL above upper limit of normal], Renal dysfunction [creatinine >2 g/dL], Anemia [hemoglobin, 2 g/dL below lower limit of normal], Bone lesions [lytic lesions or osteoporosis with compression fracture] attributable to the plasma cell disorder).
a MGUS = monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; MM = multiple myeloma; SMM = smoldering MM.
b Absence of CRAB (Calcium elevation [>1 mg/dL above upper limit of normal], Renal dysfunction [creatinine >2 g/dL], Anemia [hemoglobin, 2 g/dL below lower limit of normal], Bone lesions [lytic lesions or osteoporosis with compression fracture] attributable to the plasma cell disorder).
Recommendation: Multiple myeloma should be diagnosed in accordance with the International Myeloma Working Group criteria, and therapy should be initiated only for symptomatic disease.
Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group.
Symptomatic MM should be clearly distinguished from MGUS and SMM because these patients do not need therapy. Patients who otherwise satisfy the criteria for myeloma but are symptomatic due to amyloidosis or POEMS syndrome should be managed differently, taking into consideration the manifestations of the associated condition.
Level of Evidence: II
Grade of Recommendation: A
RISK STRATIFICATION OF NEWLY DIAGNOSED MM
Multiple myeloma has very heterogeneous outcomes. At one end of the spectrum are patients with more aggressive disease that becomes rapidly resistant to available therapies, and they die of the disease. At the other end of the spectrum are patients with relatively indolent disease who require intermittent therapy and have a lengthy survival. The ability to identify these groups of patients prospectively has always been important. However, because of the increasing number of available therapies with different mechanisms of action, this ability has become particularly relevant for development of risk-adapted therapeutic strategies.
This approach, mSMART, forms the cornerstone of our recommendations. Several disease- and host-related factors have been shown to influence the disease course in myeloma, but there is increasing appreciation that the primary driver is the genetic heterogeneity present in the disease.
Biological and prognostic significance of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 13 abnormalities (Δ13) in multiple myeloma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.
Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum β2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy.
Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities.
have significant clinical utility, we defined high-risk myeloma primarily on the basis of the genetic characteristics and plasma cell proliferative rate. We took this approach because of the relative specificity of these findings and data showing their relevance in the setting of current treatment approaches such as stem cell transplant (SCT) and the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and bortezomib. Thus, the current high-risk classification is a practical approach based on the results of 3 tests: plasma cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), metaphase cytogenetics, and plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) (Figure 1). We do not recommend that this system replace the existing prognostic systems or variables being used; these nongenetic factors, including the ISS, are still valuable, especially in the standard-risk population.
FIGURE 1Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART). FISH = fluorescence in situ hybridization; MM = multiple myeloma; PCLI = plasma cell labeling index.
Hyperdiploid myeloma is characterized by trisomies of various odd-numbered chromosomes, especially 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, or 21, and is observed in 50% to 60% of patients.
Prognostic implications of DNA aneuploidy in 156 untreated multiple myeloma patients. Castelano-Leonés (Spain) Cooperative Group for the Study of Monoclonal Gammopathies.
In contrast, the nonhyperdiploid group (40%-50% of patients) typically has translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14.
The translocations can involve different partner chromosomes, leading to activation of oncogenes; the sites (genes) typically involved are 11q13 (CCND1), 6p21 (CCND3), 16q23 (MAF), 20q12 (MAFB), and 4p16 (FGFR3 and MMSET).
In addition, monoallelic loss of chromosome 13 or deletion of its long arm (del 13q) can be seen in nearly 15% of patients when examined by conventionalcytogenetics and in as many as 50% when FISH is used.
Biological and prognostic significance of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 13 abnormalities (Δ13) in multiple myeloma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.
Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum β2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy.
Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities.
Results of high-dose therapy for 1000 patients with multiple myeloma: durable complete remissions and superior survival in the absence of chromosome 13 abnormalities.
Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum β2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy.
Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities.
In general, patients with hyperdiploidy and those with t(11;14) appear to have a relatively better outcome, whereas those with t(4;14), t(14;16), and del 17p have inferior outcomes. A more aggressive disease typically characterizes the clinicalcourse of patients with the latter abnormalities, resulting in shorter response duration to different therapies and short overall survival (OS). Although del 17p may be acquired during the disease course, 5% to 10% of patients have this finding at presentation, and it is associated with a relatively short survival.
p53 gene deletion detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization is an adverse prognostic factor for patients with multiple myeloma following autologous stem cell transplantation.
With use of FISH, abnormalities of chromosome 13 can be seen in nearly half of the patients, but they appear to influence outcome only when seen on metaphase cytogenetics, likely acting as a surrogate marker for the plasma cell proliferative rate.
Biological and prognostic significance of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 13 abnormalities (Δ13) in multiple myeloma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.
Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum β2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy.
Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities.
Results of high-dose therapy for 1000 patients with multiple myeloma: durable complete remissions and superior survival in the absence of chromosome 13 abnormalities.
Plasma cell labeling index uses slide-based fluorescence methods to measure the plasma cell proliferative rate. Plasma cells typically have a low rate of proliferation, with most patients having a PCLI of less than 1%. Multiple studies have shown the prognostic value of an elevated PCLI in various plasma cell diseases, especially in MM.
We chose a value of 3% for identifying patients with high-risk myeloma to improve the specificity of the test and allow us to identify patients with maximum risk. One of the disadvantages of incorporating this measure into the criteria has been the lack of universal availability or access to the PCLI test. Ongoing efforts by multiple groups to use flow-based assessment of plasma cell proliferation will eventually make this measurement easily available.
Recommendation: All patients should undergo risk stratification with FISH, metaphase cytogenetics, and, whenfeasible, assessment of the plasma cell proliferative rate. If a choice must be made between FISH and metaphase cytogenetics, FISH will provide more information from a risk stratification standpoint and should be given priority. Other laboratory parameters used for prognostication, such as β2-microglobulin and albumin (for ISS) and lactate dehydrogenase, allow additional risk assessment, particularly in the standard-risk group.
Level of Evidence: II
Grade of Recommendation: A
INITIAL THERAPY FOR NEWLY DIAGNOSED MM
Initial therapy for MM should ideally satisfy the following goals. It should (1) allow rapid disease control and reversal of disease-related complications such as hypercalcemia, renal dysfunction, and anemia; (2) be well tolerated with minimal and manageable toxicity; (3) decrease the risk of early death; and (4) allow successful collection of stem cells when SCT is considered as a therapeutic option.
High-dose melphalan (HDM) with SCT is considered an integral part of the therapeutic approach in patients with MM because of supporting data from randomized, controlled trials. Given the possibility of initial therapy affecting the ability to collect stem cells, especially after prolonged therapy with oral melphalan, the conventional approach has been to determine initial therapy on the basis of the possibility of HDM being a therapeutic option anytime during the disease course. Although age is the parameter most commonly used to determine transplant eligibility in clinical trials, the physiologic age, functional status, and presence of comorbidities are used for guidance.
Two classes of drugs introduced for treatment of MM in recent years have been very effective in controlling both relapses and newly diagnosed disease. These include the IMiDs thalidomide (thal) and lenalidomide and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Thalidomide and its analogue lenalidomide are orally administered, whereas bortezomib is intravenously administered. These drugs have characteristic toxicity patterns; the most common and clinically relevant are as follows: neuropathy, thrombosis, constipation, and somnolence with thal; fatigue, thrombosis, leukopenia, and skin rash with lenalidomide; and fatigue and painful neuropathy with bortezomib.
For the purposes of the guidelines, we will group patients into those eligible for SCT and those considered ineligible, recognizing that “eligibility” for SCT can vary from center to center and physician to physician.
TRANSPLANT-ELIGIBLE PATIENTS
The recommended approach in transplant-eligible patients is summarized in Figure 2 and detailed as follows.
FIGURE 2Treatment approach in patients eligible for autologous stem cell transplant. CR = complete response; iMiD = immunomodulatory drug; Rd = lenalidomide, dexamethasone; VGPR = very good partial response.
*If age >65 y or ≥4 cycles of Rd, consider chemotherapy plus granulocyte—colony-stimulating factor mobilization or plerixafor.
†Continuing Rd is an option for patients responding well to induction therapy with low toxicities; dexamethasone is usually discontinued after first year.
Before the advent of IMiDs and bortezomib, single-agent dexamethasone (dex) and VAD (vincristine, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), dex) were the most commonly used approaches.
Several clinical trials were conducted in the past decade, first comparing these newer drugs in combination with dex against single-agent dex or VAD (Table 3). More recent trials have compared combinations of IMiDs and bortezomib together vs using them individually. These clinical trials have consistently shown superior response rates and progression-free survival (PFS) for IMiDs and bortezomib compared with older therapies and for the combinations compared with any single therapy; however, they have also shown higher rates of toxicity without important differences in OS, particularly in clinical trials that incorporated HDM as a consolidation approach.
Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicindexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma.
VELCADE/Dexamethasone (Vel/D) versus VAD as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantion (ASCT) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): updated results of the IFM 2005/01 trial [abstract 450].
This could be a reflection of short follow-up, especially given the recent improvement in survival of patients with MM and access to more effective salvage approaches. However, these trials do confirm the ability of IMiDs and bortezomib to achieve the other goals of initial therapy, such as decreasing early mortality with manageable toxicity while preserving the ability to collect stem cells.
TABLE 3Regimens Used for Initial Therapy for Myeloma in Recent Clinical Trials
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
Trials were designed to evaluate induction therapies, and patients proceeded to stem cell transplant after a fixed number of cycles of induction therapy per protocol.
Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicindexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma.
Trials were designed to evaluate induction therapies, and patients proceeded to stem cell transplant after a fixed number of cycles of induction therapy per protocol.
Thalidomide in induction treatment increases the very good partial response rate before and after high-dose therapy in previously untreated multiple myeloma.
Superiority of lenalidomide (Len) plus high-dose dexamethasone (HD) compared to HD alone as treatment of newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): results of the randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled SWOG trial S0232 [abstract 77].
A randomized trial of lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone (RD) versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E4A03): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. [abstract].
BiRD (Biaxin [clarithromycin]/Revlimid [lenalidomide]/dexamethasone) combination therapy results in high complete- and overall-response rates in treatment-naive symptomatic multiple myeloma.
Trials were designed to evaluate induction therapies, and patients proceeded to stem cell transplant after a fixed number of cycles of induction therapy per protocol.
VELCADE/Dexamethasone (Vel/D) versus VAD as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantion (ASCT) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): updated results of the IFM 2005/01 trial [abstract 450].
Trials were designed to evaluate induction therapies, and patients proceeded to stem cell transplant after a fixed number of cycles of induction therapy per protocol.
A phase II study of combination of bortezomib, liposomal doxorubin, and dexamethasone (VDD) as first line therapy for multiple myeloma [abstract 17504].
DSMM XI study: dose definition for intravenous cyclophosphamide in combination with bortezomib/dexamethasone for remission induction in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma.
Trials were designed to evaluate induction therapies, and patients proceeded to stem cell transplant after a fixed number of cycles of induction therapy per protocol.
Trials were designed to evaluate induction therapies, and patients proceeded to stem cell transplant after a fixed number of cycles of induction therapy per protocol.
Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: encouraging efficacy in high risk groups with updated results of a phase I/II study. [abstract 92].
Safety and efficacy of novel combination therapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: initial results from the phase I/II multi-center EVOLUTION study. [abstract 93].
a CR = complete response; CTX = cyclophosphamide; CVAD = CTX, vincristine, Adriamycin (Adria), and dexamethasone (dex); len = lenali-domide; NA = not available; nCR = near-complete response; NR = not reported; ORR = overall response rate; VAD = vincristine, Adria, dex; VGPR = very good partial response.
b Trials were designed to evaluate induction therapies, and patients proceeded to stem cell transplant after a fixed number of cycles of induction therapy per protocol.
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
The results were similar: significantly higher overall response rates (ORRs) with the combination compared to dex alone (63% vs 41%-46%), but at the cost of significantly higher toxicity. Grade 3 to 4 adverse events were higher with the combination and included deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, cerebral ischemia, myocardial infarction, and peripheral neuropathy. This improved response rate translated into better PFS for the thal combination, albeit with no impact on OS. Thal-dex was also compared to vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and dex (VAD) as initial therapy before initiation of HDM and demonstrated superior response rates before HDM, differences that were no longer significant after HDM.
Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicindexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma.
The adverse-effect profile of the drug, coupled with its lack of improvement in OS outcome and the introduction of lenalidomide, has led to decreasing use of this regimen in the setting of newly diagnosed myeloma. Subsequent trials examined the addition of alkylating agents or anthracyclines to thal and dex in an attempt to maximize the response rates by exploiting any potential synergy between these drugs. The combination of thal, dex, and doxorubicin was compared to VAD in one trial, again showing improved ORR and very good partial response (VGPR) rates before initiation of HDM.
Thalidomide in induction treatment increases the very good partial response rate before and after high-dose therapy in previously untreated multiple myeloma.
The combination of cyclophosphamide, thal, and dex wasalso compared with cyclophosphamide plus VAD, again confirming improved response rates and depth of response with the addition of thal.
Bortezomib-Based Regimens. Bortezomib, the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor, has been studied as a single agent, in combination with dex, or as part of multidrug combinations in previously untreated myeloma. Jagannath et al
studied 32 consecutive patients with untreated symptomatic MM, giving bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2) for six 3-week cycles and adding dex for patients with a less than partial response (PR) after 2 cycles or a less than complete response (CR) after 4 cycles. The ORR after 2 cycles of bortezomib alone was 40%, and the best response was 88%, including CR in 2 patients. The PETHEMA group treated 40 patients younger than 66 years who had newly diagnosed MM with standard-dose bortezomib (odd cycles) and pulsed-dose dex (even cycles) followed by HDM.
Phase II PETHEMA trial of alternating bortezomib and dexamethasone as induction regimen before autologous stem-cell transplantation in younger patients with multiple myeloma: efficacy and clinical implications of tumor response kinetics.
The IFM 2005/01 trial randomized patients to receive 4 cycles of bortezomib and dex or VAD as initial therapy for their myeloma followed by randomization in each arm to additional consolidation with 2 cycles of dex, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin or none before initiation of HDM.
VELCADE/Dexamethasone (Vel/D) versus VAD as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantion (ASCT) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): updated results of the IFM 2005/01 trial [abstract 450].
In the most recent report, the ORR with the induction therapy was 82% with bortezomib compared to 65% with VAD.
Bortezomib has been combined with doxorubicin or alkylating agents to further improve responses. In a phase 2, single-institution trial of bortezomib, liposomal doxorubicin, and dex given every 3 weeks for 6 cycles, ORR was 89%.
A phase II study of combination of bortezomib, liposomal doxorubin, and dexamethasone (VDD) as first line therapy for multiple myeloma [abstract 17504].
DSMM XI study: dose definition for intravenous cyclophosphamide in combination with bortezomib/dexamethasone for remission induction in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma.
observed an ORR of 88%, with 61% VGPR and 39% CR or near-complete response (nCR), when administering this combination every 28 days, and no adverse impact on stem cell collection was noted. Barlogie et al
incorporated bortezomib into their Total Therapy 3 regimen, with induction before and consolidation chemotherapy after transplant that consisted of 2 cycles of VTD-PACE (bortezomib [Velcade], thal, dex, cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide); 3-year maintenance consisted of monthly cycles of bortezomib [Velcade], thal, and dex in the first year and thal-dex in the remaining years. At 24 months, 83% of patients had achieved nCR, which was sustained in 88% at 2 years; 2-year estimates of event-free survival (EFS) and OS were 84% and 86%, respectively.
Lenalidomide-Based Regimens. Because of the promising results from phase 3 randomized trials of relapsed MM, lenalidomide was studied in combination with dex for newly diagnosed MM. The initial phase 2 study demonstrated an overall objective response rate of 91%, including a 6% CR and 32% VGPR.
More importantly, continued therapy resulted in improvement in the response rates. This study was followed by 2 phase 3 randomized trials, one comparing lenalidomide and dex to dex, and another comparing 2 different doses of dex in combination with lenalidomide. In the first trial, addition of lenalidomide resulted in a 75% ORR (≥62% VGPR) compared to 48% (≥19% VGPR) for dex alone, translating to an improved PFS.
Superiority of lenalidomide (Len) plus high-dose dexamethasone (HD) compared to HD alone as treatment of newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): results of the randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled SWOG trial S0232 [abstract 77].
A randomized trial of lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone (RD) versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E4A03): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. [abstract].
This trial surprisingly showed a significant improvement in the OS with low-dose dex, despite a significantly lower response rate. As expected, use of a higher dose of dex was associated with greater toxicity, including higher rates of thromboembolic events. Like thal and bortezomib, lenalidomide was also studied in combination with a variety of other drugs. Niesvizky et al
BiRD (Biaxin [clarithromycin]/Revlimid [lenalidomide]/dexamethasone) combination therapy results in high complete- and overall-response rates in treatment-naive symptomatic multiple myeloma.
studied the addition of clarithromycin (Biaxin) to lenalidomide and dex (BiRD) as initial therapy. Among the 72 patients enrolled, the ORR was 90%, including a 39% CR and 74% VGPR. In another phase 2 study, cyclophosphamide was added to lenalidomide and dex, yielding an ORR of 85%, including a 32% VGPR or better.
Combinations of IMiDs and Bortezomib. The high response rates seen with the IMiDs and bortezomib led to their evaluation in combinations. In a phase 2 study, 38 patients with newly diagnosed MM received up to 3 courses of bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, 11), dex (20 mg/m2 on days 1-4, 9-12, 17-20), and thal (100-200 mg/d orally).
randomized patients to thal and dex with (n=226) or without (n=234) bortezomib as initial therapy before HDM. The ORR and VGPR were significantly better in the bortezomib group (94% and 62%, respectively) compared to those in the thal and dex group (79% and 29%, respectively). The improved depth of response was preserved after HDM and translated into better PFS (90% vs 80% at 2 years) and similar OS (96% vs 91% at 2 years). These response rates were further improved by combining lenalidomide with bortezomib, as shown in a phase 2 trial by Richardson et al.
Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: encouraging efficacy in high risk groups with updated results of a phase I/II study. [abstract 92].
This combination resulted in a 100% response rate, including a 74% VGPR or better and a 44% CR. The EVOLUTION trial added cyclophosphamide to this combination, again resulting in a 100% response rate, including a 68% VGPR and a 36% CR.
Safety and efficacy of novel combination therapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: initial results from the phase I/II multi-center EVOLUTION study. [abstract 93].
Impact of IMiDs and Bortezomib on Outcomes in Patients With High-Risk Myeloma. Estimates of outcome among patients in the different risk groups, as defined by genetic markers or other conventional prognostic factors, have been made in the context of alkylator-based therapies. With the introduction of IMiDs and bortezomib, investigations increasingly focused on their ability to overcome some of these adverse prognostic factors. Although no prospective randomized trials have examined the role of any specific agent in high-risk patients, subgroup analysis from randomized trials and single-institution experiences have provided valuable insight. In matched-pairs subset analyses of patients from bortezomib trials with and without del(13), who were matched for age and ISS stage, response and survival appeared comparable in bortezomib-treated patients with or without del(13) by metaphase cytogenetics.
However, patients with del(13) who received dex appeared to have decreased survival compared with those without del(13) by metaphase cytogenetics. In the phase 3 trial that compared melphalan with or without bortezomib in elderly patients with newly diagnosed MM, the CR rate was similar among patients in the bortezomib arm whether (n=26) or not (n=142) they had high-risk cytogenetics (presence of t(4;14) or t(14;16) translocation or a 17p deletion).
Unlike their counterparts in the melphalan-only arm, these groups also had a similar time to progression (TTP) and OS. The presence of del(13) did not show an adverse effect in the bortezomib group. In the context of lenalidomide, a retrospective analysis of 100 patients with newly diagnosed disease treated initially with lenalidomide and dex showed that the median PFS was shorter (18.5 vs 36.5 months) in the high-risk group (as defined by presence of hypodiploidy, del(13q) by metaphase cytogenetics, del(17p), IgH translocations [t(4;14) or t(14;16)], or PCLI ≥3%).
Standard-Risk Patients. Patients with newly diagnosed myeloma should receive initial therapy with a lenalidomide- or bortezomib-containing regimen. This recommendation is based on the improved response rates seen with regimens that contain these drugs, manageable adverse effects, and the low 1-year mortality rates vs those with previous approaches. Results with either lenalidomide or bortezomib in combination with dex are comparable in ORR and VGPR rate after 4 to 6 cycles of therapy. Other regimens, such as bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dex or cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dex, are also suitable for initial therapy and can lead to higher response rates. Advantages of lenalidomide and dex are the convenience of oral administration and monthly clinic visits, important considerations in a referral practice, and the ease of continued therapy for patients who decide to delay initiation of HDM. In situations in which these logistical concerns are not valid, and in those definitely planning to undergo HDM early, either regimen can be used. Bortezomib-based regimens are recommended in patients with renal failure at presentation. A low threshold should be maintained to add another novel agent (lenalidomide to bortezomib-dex or bortezomib to lenalidomide-dex) in the absence of response within a couple of cycles (a sequential approach in contrast to a combination approach up front). In the context of renal failure, we prefer use of bortezomib and dex with or without addition of thal or doxorubicin or cyclophosphamide baecause of the primarily nonrenal clearance of these drugs and the rapid responses seen with the 3-drug combinations.
Level of Evidence: II-III
Grade of Recommendation: B
High-Risk Patients. We recommend that patients with high-risk myeloma receive initial therapy with a bortezomib-containing regimen, such as bortezomib-dex with cyclophosphamide, thal, doxorubicin, or lenalidomide. In contrast, in patients with standard-risk disease, as discussed earlier, either lenalidomide-based or bortezomib-based induction can be used. Our strong preference for bortezomib-based initial therapy for high-risk patients is based on the finding that bortezomib may overcome some of the adverse prognostic effects of high-risk disease, especially in patients with the t(4;14) translocation. In addition, patients with high-risk disease benefit the most from CR, and therefore therapy for these patients should be aimed at achieving CR, whereas in patients with standard-risk disease, CR or VGPR may be adequate. Finally, in patients with high-risk disease, we prefer the use of routine maintenance therapy (discussed subsequently).
Level of Evidence: III
Grade of Recommendation: B
Approaches to Consolidation Therapy
Autologous SCT. The conventional approach to consolidation therapy in this group of patients has been the use of HDM and autologous SCT. The use of HDM in patients with MM has been based on the positive results from 2 large randomized trials of SCT compared to conventional chemotherapy (CCT), both of which showed an improvement in PFS and in OS.
Autologous stem cell transplant in 716 patients with multiple myeloma: low treatment-related mortality, feasibility of outpatient transplant, and effect of a multidisciplinary quality initiative.
High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial.
High-dose therapy and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation compared with conventional treatment in myeloma patients aged 55 to 65 years: long-term results of a randomized control trial from the Group Myelome-Autogreffe.
Programa para el Estudio de la Terapéutica en Hemopatía Maligna (PETHEMA)
et al.
High-dose therapy intensification compared with continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to the initial chemotherapy: long-term results from a prospective randomized trial from the Spanish cooperative group PETHEMA.
The heterogeneity of the results seen in these trials is likely related to differences in patient selection and the use of HDM as salvage therapy for patients undergoing CCT. At least 3 of these trials can be considered as a comparison of early vs delayed SCT rather than SCT vs CCT, and the fourth trial included only patients who had responded to the induction therapy.
High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial.
High-dose therapy and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation compared with conventional treatment in myeloma patients aged 55 to 65 years: long-term results of a randomized control trial from the Group Myelome-Autogreffe.
Programa para el Estudio de la Terapéutica en Hemopatía Maligna (PETHEMA)
et al.
High-dose therapy intensification compared with continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to the initial chemotherapy: long-term results from a prospective randomized trial from the Spanish cooperative group PETHEMA.
These trials clearly raise the question as to the benefit of HDM in all patient groups. Only 1 of the trials was specifically designed to address the question of early vs delayed SCT.
High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial.
The MAG90 clinical trial evaluated the time without systemic therapy and toxicity as a measure of quality of life among patients undergoing early or delayed SCT and concluded that HDM early in the disease course was associated with better quality of life. As a result, the balance was tilted heavily in favor of early HDM until the advent of IMiDs and bortezomib.
High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial.
High-dose therapy and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation compared with conventional treatment in myeloma patients aged 55 to 65 years: long-term results of a randomized control trial from the Group Myelome-Autogreffe.
Programa para el Estudio de la Terapéutica en Hemopatía Maligna (PETHEMA)
et al.
High-dose therapy intensification compared with continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to the initial chemotherapy: long-term results from a prospective randomized trial from the Spanish cooperative group PETHEMA.
Initial therapy with IMiDs and bortezomib, especially in combination, has led to response rates that rival those seen with SCT. Use of these new regimens has been associated with unprecedented rates of VGPR or better among patients with newly diagnosed MM. These results have brought forth the question about the current role of HDM in MM. Examination of recent clinical trials that have used the IMiDs and bortezomib in preparation for HDM confirm thatHDM provides an incremental improvement in response rates even in the presence of high response rates with the induction therapy itself (Figure 3). Stem cell transplant is a well-understood and effective therapy that results in durable responses in most patients. Before the introduction of IMiDs and bortezomib as initial therapies, the median PFS of patients receiving HDM early in the disease course was about 24 months in various studies. Preliminary evidence from the IFM 2005/01 trial suggests that the induction regimen with a higher response rate before transplant results in a longer TTP after transplant.
VELCADE/Dexamethasone (Vel/D) versus VAD as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantion (ASCT) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): updated results of the IFM 2005/01 trial [abstract 450].
In that study, the 2-year PFS was 60% after VAD induction and 69% after bortezomib-dex therapy. Similar results were seen in the phase 3 comparison of bortezomib-thal-dex vs thal-dex.
Giventhese results, we can expect that PFS will be significantly longer than that in the future as increasingly more effective induction regimens are used. In contrast, the response duration with IMiDs and bortezomib, especially after a limited duration of therapy, is not well characterized, whereas the median TTP for patients treated continuously with primary lenalidomide-dex is 31 months.
This lack of characterization, along with the lack of evidence that the new strategies have any curative potential, justifies the continued use of HDM for the treatment of myeloma. However, one cannot be dogmatic about the timing of early vs late HDM therapy because results from randomized trials suggest similar survivals.
High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial.
Advantages of early HDM include the very long remission duration (particularly as more effective induction regimens are used), during which patients have an excellent quality of life and require no drug treatment. In addition, several studies have clearly shown that bolus HDM is more effective than intermittent oral melphalan. Because the median age at diagnosis of MM is 70 years, a number of patients initially eligible for early HDM will no longer be eligible if it is delayed for several years, and they will miss their opportunity to receive an effective therapy. Advantages of delayed HDM include the excellent results and tolerability of the continued use of newer induction regimens.
A randomized trial of lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone (RD) versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E4A03): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [abstract].
These advantages have led to increased use of delayed HDM in patients with MM in conjunction with continued initial therapy. Randomized controlled trials are lacking in terms of a comparison between early and delayed HDM since the introduction of IMiDs and bortezomib. In a landmark analysis of the E4A03 clinical trial that compared lenalidomide and 2 doses of dex, patients who continued to receive primary therapy had a 3-year OS of 79% compared with 92% for those who proceeded directly to HDM therapy.
A randomized trial of lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone (RD) versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E4A03): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [abstract].
Given the strong selection bias in that nonrandomized study, this analysis cannot be used to suggest that early HDM is superior to delayed HDM; however, it seems unlikely to be inferior. Because of the excellent results with early HDM and pending the results of randomized trials addressing this question, our preference is to gently encourage patients to proceed directly to early HDM with SCT.
FIGURE 3Incremental response to stem cell transplant after induction therapy. CTD = cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, dexamethasone; Dex = dexamethasone; PAD = bortezomib, Adriamycin, dexamethasone; TAD = thalidomide, Adriamycin, dexamethasone; Thal = thalidomide; VAD = vincristine, Adriamycin, dexamethasone (dex); VD = bortezomib, dexamethasone; VGPR = very good partial response; VTD = bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone.
Impact of Initial Therapy and Timing of Stem Cell Collection. In the context of delayed HDM therapy, it is important to highlight the impact of initial therapy on the ability to collect stem cells. Although the effect of alkylating agents on the stem cell collection process was well appreciated, only recently have studies specifically analyzed this question with IMiDs and bortezomib.
Mobilization in myeloma revisited: IMWG consensus perspectives on stem cell collection following initial therapy with thalidomide-, lenalidomide-, or bortezomib-containing regimens.
Impact of lenalidomide therapy on stem cell mobilization and engraftment post-peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma.
Several reports have highlighted the decrease in the number of CD34 cells collected and the increased rate of failure to collect an adequate number of CD34 cells with initial use of lenalidomide.
Impact of lenalidomide therapy on stem cell mobilization and engraftment post-peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma.
These difficulties seem to be particularly relevant in patients older than 65 years who have received more than 4 cycles of therapy. This hurdle can be easily overcome by early collection of stem cells (after 4 cycles) or by use of stem cell mobilization with chemotherapy and granulocyte colony—stimulating factor or agents such as plerixafor.
Some reports suggest a trend toward decreased stem cell collection with thal or bortezomib as well, but the impact appears to be smaller.
IMiD- and Bortezomib-Based Consolidation. The high response rates seen with the IMiDs and bortezomib have increasingly led to their use as a means of consolidating the initial response. This has taken the form of either continued use of the initial therapy regimens or use of multidrug regimens that incorporate the most active agents available to obtain the maximum possible depth of response. The tolerability of the IMiDs and bortezomib, as well as the ability of patients to continue oral treatment regimens for a prolonged duration, has led to increasing use of continued initial therapy as a consolidation approach. Continued initial therapy has been accompanied by increasing depth of response, as shown in the initial phase 2 trial of lenalidomide and dex.
The rate of a VGPR or better improved from 32% after 4 cycles of therapy to 67% after 19 cycles of therapy. Another approach has been to use combinations of IMiDs and bortezomib, as with the use of bortezomib, thal, dex; bortezomib, lenalidomide, dex; or a combination of cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dex.
Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: encouraging efficacy in high risk groups with updated results of a phase I/II study. [abstract 92].
Safety and efficacy of novel combination therapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: initial results from the phase I/II multi-center EVOLUTION study. [abstract 93].
These regimens have been associated with an ORR greater than 90% and VGPR rates of 60% to 70%.
Tandem Autologous SCT. A second SCT in a planned sequential fashion after the first SCT has been studied as additional consolidation therapy to further reduce tumor. Randomized trials comparing single to double (tandem) SCT have been completed (Table 5). In the French (IFM94) trial, at 7 years, EFS (20% vs 10%) and OS (42% vs 21%) doubled with the addition of the second autologous SCT, despite only modest improvement in the combined CR and VGPR rate with tandem SCT compared to single SCT (50% vs 42%).
In the Bologna 96 trial, the addition of a second autologous SCT prolonged EFS by 12 months and TTP by 17 months, with the OS at 6 years projected to be 44% for single transplant and 63% for double transplant, a significant improvement.
In both these trials, patients who failed to achieve a VGPR after the first SCT benefitted the most from the addition of the second SCT. In the HOVON 24 clinical trial, EFS was significantly better in patients treated with double SCT (22 vs 20 months), the difference becoming evident only after 4 years of follow-up.
However, OS was not different between arms (median, 55 vs 50 months). In the MAG95 clinical trial, patients were randomly assigned to undergo a single or tandem SCT and then further randomized to receive selected or unselected CD34-positive cells, leading to an improved OS for the tandem SCT group.
Single versus tandem high dose therapy (HDT) supported with autologous blood stem cell (ABSC) transplantation using unselected or CD34-enriched ABSC: results of a two by two designed randomized trial in 230 young patients with multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract P10.2.2].
Single versus tandem high dose therapy (HDT) supported with autologous blood stem cell (ABSC) transplantation using unselected or CD34-enriched ABSC: results of a two by two designed randomized trial in 230 young patients with multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract P10.2.2].
Allogeneic SCT. Studies suggest that a graft-vs-myeloma effect can be induced by allogeneic SCT, potentially leading to long-term control of the disease. However, studies thus far have been hampered by high treatment-related mortality (TRM) rates, tempering the enthusiasm for this treatment modality. Most of the available data on the efficacy of allogeneic SCT have come from small single-center studies or from transplant registry reports. In a retrospective case-matched analysis from the European Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry that compared patients treated with allogeneic SCT to a similar group of patients undergoing autologous SCT, the OS was better for the autologous group.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation versus autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: a retrospective case-matched study from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.
This is likely due to the high TRM (nearly 40%) seen with myeloablative allogeneic SCT, given the trend toward better OS and EFS for those surviving the first year. Nonmyeloablative allogeneic SCT has been used to curb TRM by depending more on the antitumor effect of the graft than on the initial cytoreduction from conditioning. The IFM99-03/99-04 trials included patients with high-risk myeloma (β2-microglobulin level >3 mg/L and chromosome 13 deletion at diagnosis).
Prospective comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by dose-reduced allograft (IFM99-03 trial) with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation (IFM99-04 trial) in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma.
In IFM99-03, 65 patients with an HLA-identical sibling donor were assigned to undergo reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic SCT; in IFM99-04, 219 patients without an HLA-identical sibling donor were assigned to undergo a second autologous SCT. This study showed that reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic SCT was associated with an inferior outcome compared with tandem autologous SCT. In an Italian trial, 108 patients younger than 65 years in whom MM was newly diagnosed underwent standard SCT, followed by low-dose total body irradiation conditioning and HLA-matched sibling allogeneic SCT or a second autologous SCT.
Ata median follow-up of 3 years, TRM was 11% for the allogeneic SCT group vs 4% for the double SCT group; CR rate was 46% vs 16%; OS was 84% vs 62% (P=.003); and PFS was 75% vs 41% (P=.00008). This trial had several shortcomings, and the results have not been widely accepted. A phase 3 trial of tandem HDM vs single HDM followed by HLA-matched sibling nonmyeloablative allogeneic SCT (BMT-CTN 0102) has been completed, and results are awaited. Currently, allogeneic approaches should be considered investigational, and future trials should work toward identifying patients most likely to benefit from this modality.
Should CR Be the Goal of Therapy? The relationship between depth of response and long-term outcome has been a hotly debated area of myeloma therapy. In the context of alkylating agent—based regimens as well as with HDM, deeper responses typically translate to improvement in the TTP, although the impact on OS is inconsistent. Either a CR or a VGPR has been used as a measure of deep response in various studies, and in general, attainment of a VGPR or better appears to correlate with a better outcome. The importance of depth of response is further highlighted by studies in which minimal residual disease was detected by polymerase chain reaction or flow cytometry—based methods; these studies showed that attainment of minimal residual disease—negative status was associated with improved survival. Although a consensus exists on the benefit of obtaining a VGPR or CR, the need to obtain this degree of tumor reduction for all patients is unclear. In the absence of randomized trials incorporating response-driven treatment approaches, it is difficult to understand how much of the ability to obtain a VGPR or CR depends on disease biology vs treatment impact. However, available data suggest that patients who benefit the most are those with high-risk disease.
Complete response in myeloma extends survival without, but not with history of prior monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or smouldering disease.
Standard-Risk Patients. We recommend that all patients who are transplant candidates undergo stem cell collection after 3 or 4 cycles of induction therapy. Patients may then either start taking HDM or continue taking lenalidomide and dex with the plan to initiate HDM at the time of relapse. This decision should be based on patient preference, tolerability of the current induction therapy, and response to induction therapy. Among patients receiving HDM, use of tandem SCT should be discussed with those who do not obtain a VGPR with the first HDM. This recommendation is based on the results of prospective trials that show a benefit for this group of patients. Duration of the initial therapeutic regimen among those who do not initiate HDM is not well determined, and therapy may be continued until progression or for a defined period of 12 to 18 months. Argument in favor of a defined period of therapy is the lack of continued improvement in response depth after 12 to 18 months among patients treated until progression. However, this decision should be made in consultation with the patient after explaining the pros and cons of the 2 approaches and taking into account the adverse effects of treatment.
Level of Evidence: II
Grade of Recommendation: B
High-Risk Patients. We recommend initiation of HDM for patients who have not achieved a CR with induction therapy. In these patients, as in those with a CR, stem cells should be collected for future use. No randomized trials have prospectively addressed the need to obtain a CR among this group of patients. However, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that patients with high-risk disease have the maximum benefit from obtaining a CR from therapy.
Level of Evidence: III
Grade of Recommendation: B
Maintaining Response
Patients invariably experience relapse after HDM, and the concept of maintaining or prolonging response among these patients is not new. Various trials have attempted to maintain the response with HDM through maintenance approaches. A small randomized clinical trial of interferon alfa (3 × 106 units/m2 administered subcutaneously 3 times weekly) after initial autologous SCT suggested a modest improvement in EFS.
The IFM99-02 trial randomized patients with standard-risk MM (β2-microglobulin <3 mg/L, no chromosome 13 deletion) to receive no maintenance, pamidronate, or pamidronate plus thal after tandem SCT.
The response rates were significantly higher for the thal arm; this translated into improved EFS at 4 years of 52% compared with 36% with no maintenance and 37% with pamidronate alone. With a median follow-up of 32 months, the 4-year estimated survival after diagnosis was higher with thal (87%) than with no maintenance (77%), but additional follow-up showed no difference in survival. Several other studies were designed to address this question; a PFS improvement was seen in all studies, but an OS advantage was seen only in some.
Consolidation therapy with low-dose thalidomide and prednisolone prolongs the survival of multiple myeloma patients undergoing a single autologous stem-cell transplantation procedure.
Consolidation therapy with low-dose thalidomide and prednisolone prolongs the survival of multiple myeloma patients undergoing a single autologous stem-cell transplantation procedure.
After a median follow-up of 3 years, the post-randomization 3-year PFS rates were 42% and 23% and the OS rates were 86% and 75% in the thal and control groups, respectively. In these trials, the benefit of maintenance appeared to be primarily among patients with less than a VGPR from HDM. In contrast, in the Total Therapy 2 trial, incorporation of thal appeared to benefit only patients with metaphase cytogenetic abnormalities.
Bortezomib has also been studied as post-HDM maintenance in smaller studies as well as a larger phase 3 study (HOVON-65). Interim analysis of the phase 3 study showed a higher response rate for the arm receiving bortezomib as induction therapy and as maintenance therapy.
First analysis of HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 randomized phase III trial comparing bortezomib, adriamycine, dexamethasone (PAD) Vs VAD as induction treatment prior to high dose melphalan (HDM) in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). [abstract 635].
An ongoing large study (Cancer and Leukemia Group B) is evaluating lenalidomide as maintenance therapy after single HDM.
Recommendations
Standard-Risk Patients. Among patients receiving HDM, we recommend use of thalidomide maintenance or consolidation therapy in those who fail to achieve a VGPR with the first course of HDM (for those who have not opted for a tandem SCT).
Level of Evidence: II
Grade of Recommendation: B
High-Risk Patients. We recommend use of lenalidomide maintenance therapy until progression of disease in these patients. Randomized data suggest benefit of maintenance with thal in patients with high-risk disease. Because of the less favorable adverse-effect profile, we recommend lenalidomide over thal.
Level of Evidence: II (thalidomide), V (lenalidomide)
Grade of Recommendation: B (thalidomide), D (lenalidomide)
TRANSPLANT-INELIGIBLE PATIENTS
The recommended approach in transplant-ineligible patients is summarized in Figure 4 and detailed as follows.
FIGURE 4Treatment approach in patients ineligible for autologous stem cell transplant. MP = melphalan-prednisone; Rd = lenalidomide, dexamethasone.
*Bortezomib-containing regimens preferred for patients with renal failure or if rapid response is needed.
†In patients in whom administration of thalidomide or bortezomib is of concern, consider MP or Rd.
‡Continuing Rd is an option for patients responding well to induction therapy with low toxicities; dexamethasone is usually discontinued after the first year.
Given the median age at presentation, this group of patients represents a sizeable proportion of patients with newly diagnosed MM. Rapid control of disease and disease-related complications is the immediate goal of therapy, as with younger patients; however, therapy should be based on comorbidities and performance status. For decades, until the introduction of thal, the melphalan-prednisone (MP) combination had been the mainstay of therapy for patients ineligible for HDM.
Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan plus prednisone as treatment for multiple myeloma: an overview of 6,633 patients from 27 randomized trials.
In a phase 3 clinical trial, Italian investigators randomized patients with MM who were older than 65 years or younger than 65 years but ineligible for HDM to MP (melphalan, 4 mg/m2, days 1-7; and prednisone, 40 mg/m2, days 1-7) or MP plus thal (MPT), 100 mg/d for 6 cycles.
Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial.
Patients in the MPT arm continued taking maintenance thal after the 6 cycles until relapse. Six months after initiation of therapy, 76% of patients in the MPT arm had a response (CR or PR) compared with 47.6% in the MP arm, which translated to a doubling of EFS at 2 years (54% vs 27%). However, grade 3 and 4 adverse events nearly doubled with the addition of thal (48% for MPT vs 25% for MP), and 11 patients in the MPT group died of toxicity-related events compared with 6 patients in the MP group. Deep venous thrombosis was the most common grade 3 or 4 adverse event in the MPT group; it developed in 13 of the first 65 patients. After introduction of enoxaparin prophylaxis, thrombosis developed in only 2 of the remaining 64 patients, and that occurred after interruption of enoxaparin. A similar trial (IFM 99-06) performed in France randomly assigned patients aged 65 to 75 years to receive MP (12 cycles at 6-week intervals), MPT (maximum tolerated thal dose, up to 400 mg/d), or MEL100 (induction therapy with VAD × 2; cyclophosphamide-based mobilization; and 2 courses of HDM (100 mg/m2) with stem cell support).
A VGPR or CR was seen in 9%, 64%, and 58% of patients in the MP, MPT, and MEL100 groups, respectively; at a median follow-up of 32.2 months, the correspondingPFS rates were 17.2, 29.5, and 19 months. The median OS rates were 30.3 months, not reached at 56 months, and 38.6 months in the MP, MPT, and MEL100 groups, respectively. A second French trial specifically evaluated patients older than 75 years, the group most susceptible to treatment-related complications and more likely to have other comorbidities at diagnosis.
At a median follow-up of 4 years, median OS was significantly longer in the thal group (44.0 vs 29.1 months), as was PFS (24.1 vs 18.5 months). However, this was accompanied by a significant increase in neutropenia and in peripheral neuropathy. A total of 5 randomized trials have compared MPT to MP; all showed significantly increased toxicity and prolongation of PFS with the addition of thal, but only 2 showed a significant improvement in OS (Table 6).
Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial.
Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide versus melphalan and prednisone alone or reduced-intensity autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (IFM 99-06): a randomised trial.
Melphalan + prednisone versus melphalan + prednisone + thalidomide in induction therapy for multiple myeloma in elderly patients: final analysis of the Dutch Cooperative Group HOVON 49 Study. [abstract 649].
compared thal-dex with MP in 289 elderly patients. Although thal-dex resulted in a higher rate of CR and VGPR (26% vs 13%) as well as overall responses (68% vs 50%), TTP and PFS were similar. However, toxicity was higher with thal-dex, particularly in patients older than 75 years with poor performance status, and OS was significantly shorter in the thal-dex group (41.5 vs 49.4 months). The increased toxicity seen with the addition of thal suggests that in frail, elderly patients, in whom administration of thal may be of concern, therapy can be safely initiated with MP and thal can be reserved for later use as necessary.
TABLE 6Randomized Clinical Trials of Initial Therapy for Myeloma in Elderly Patients
Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial.
Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide versus melphalan and prednisone alone or reduced-intensity autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (IFM 99-06): a randomised trial.
Melphalan + prednisone versus melphalan + prednisone + thalidomide in induction therapy for multiple myeloma in elderly patients: final analysis of the Dutch Cooperative Group HOVON 49 Study. [abstract 649].
Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone in elderly untreated patients with multiple myeloma: updated time-to-events results and prognostic factors for time to progression.
compared the results of a phase 2 trial of melphalan, prednisone, and bortezomib (MPV) in patients 65 years of age or older with historical controls. After a median follow-up of 26 months, the median TTP with MPV was 27.2 months, compared with 20.0 months with MP. The median OS with MPV was not reached vs 26 months with MP; the survival rate at 38 months was 85% vs 38%, respectively. This was followed by a large phase 3 (VISTA) trial that randomized patients with newly diagnosed MM who were not candidates for autologous SCT to receive MPV or MP alone.
Patients in the MPV arm received intravenous bortezomib, 1.3 mg/m2 twice per week (weeks 1, 2, 4, 5) for 4 cycles of 6 weeks (8 doses per cycle), followed by once per week (weeks 1, 2, 4, 5) for 5cycles of 6 weeks (4 doses per cycle), in combination with oral melphalan, 9 mg/m2, and prednisone, 60 mg/m2, once daily on days 1 to 4 of each cycle. Patients in the MP arm received MP once daily on days 1 through 4 for 9 cycles of 6 weeks. Both the median TTP and OS at 2 years were significantly better in the MPV group: TTP, 24 months with MPV vs 16.6 months with MP; OS at 2 years, 82.6% with MPV vs 69.5% with MP.
The major adverse effect in the MPV arm was peripheral neuropathy (any grade in 43%; grade 3 or 4 in 13%). A subsequent randomized trial studied the combination of MP with weekly bortezomib, comparing it to the same combination with thal. Although no survival differences have been seen to date, this study was associated with significantly lower neuropathy rates related to the weekly bortezomib regimen.
A prospective, randomized, phase III study of bortezomib, melphalan, prednisone and thalidomide (VMPT) versus bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone (VMP) in elderly newly diagnosed myeloma patients. [abstract 652].
More recently, lenalidomide has been safely added to MP with promising results from phase 2 studies, paving the way for randomized comparison of MP plus lenalidomide vs MPT.
Standard-Risk Patients. Our recommendation is to use MPT in this group of patients. We prefer to use 100 mg/d of thal with the MP regimen and limit treatment to 12 months. We acknowledge that the MPV combination is comparable in efficacy, but the logistics of our referral practice and concern about neuropathy coupled with the more extensive and mature data with the thal combination, including in patients older than 75 years, drive our preferential use of MPT. However, given the increased toxicity seen in all the randomized trials with addition of thal, in frail, elderly patients we recommend initiating therapy with MP, reserving IMiDs and bortezomib for later use as dictated by the clinical course. No data are available regarding the safety of lenalidomidedex in the very elderly, and given the surprising toxicity of thal-dex in this age group, we reserve lenalidomide-dex for the unusual circumstance in which an MP-based regimen is inappropriate.
Level of Evidence: I-II
Grade of Recommendation: A
High-Risk Patients. Our recommendation is to use MPV in this group of patients, following the regimen studied in the VISTA trial and limiting therapy to 54 weeks as in that trial. This recommendation is based on the analysis from the VISTA trial that showed comparable outcomes for patients with high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities compared with patients with standard-risk MM.
Level of Evidence: I-II
Grade of Recommendation: A
Maintenance Approaches
There is a paucity of data to support use of routine maintenance therapy for the older patient who has completed a year of MP therapy in combination with either thal or bortezomib. Even in the high-risk group, in which maintenance approaches may be of more benefit, the limited duration of therapy in the VISTA trial and the impact of high-risk markers appear to have been minimized with the addition of bortezomib.
Recommendation: We do not recommend maintenance therapy after MPT or MPV in this patient group, except in the context of a clinical trial.
Level of Evidence: V
Grade of Recommendation: D
PREVENTION OF THROMBOSIS
Patients with monoclonal gammopathies are at a higher risk of thromboembolic complications, and the risk is greatest for the patient with newly diagnosed myeloma in whom therapy is being initiated. The risk is further accentuated by the type of therapy and is particularly high among patients receiving thal or lenalidomide. As single agents, thal and lenalidomide do not appear to have any heightened risk; however, concomitant chemotherapy
Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial.
Deep vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy: effects of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation.
does appear to increase the risk of thrombosis. In addition to therapy, patient-related factors such as previous thromboembolism, central venous lines, surgical procedures, immobility, obesity, comorbidities, hyperviscosity, and presence of inherited thrombophilic states all increase the risk of events. The International Myeloma Working Group recently published a detailed set of recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma.
Recommendation for Use of Thal or Lenalidomide as Single Agents or in Combination With Low-Dose Corticosteroid. Aspirin, 325 mg/d orally
Level of Evidence: III
Grade of Recommendatio: B
Guideline for Thal or Lenalidomide When Given in Combination With High-Dose Dex, Doxorubicin, Liposomal Doxorubicin, or Erythropoietin. Prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin (equivalent of enoxaparin, 40 mg/d subcutaneously) or full-dose warfarin to a therapeutic international normalized ratio of 2 to 3.
Risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and subsequent multiple myeloma among African American and white veterans in the United States.
Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
et al.
Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: a multicentre randomized study.
Induction of a chronic disease state in patients with smoldering or indolent multiple myeloma by targeting interleukin 1β-induced interleukin 6 production and the myeloma proliferative component.
Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group.
Biological and prognostic significance of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 13 abnormalities (Δ13) in multiple myeloma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.
Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum β2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy.
Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities.
Prognostic implications of DNA aneuploidy in 156 untreated multiple myeloma patients. Castelano-Leonés (Spain) Cooperative Group for the Study of Monoclonal Gammopathies.
Results of high-dose therapy for 1000 patients with multiple myeloma: durable complete remissions and superior survival in the absence of chromosome 13 abnormalities.
p53 gene deletion detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization is an adverse prognostic factor for patients with multiple myeloma following autologous stem cell transplantation.
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicindexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma.
Thalidomide in induction treatment increases the very good partial response rate before and after high-dose therapy in previously untreated multiple myeloma.
Superiority of lenalidomide (Len) plus high-dose dexamethasone (HD) compared to HD alone as treatment of newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): results of the randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled SWOG trial S0232 [abstract 77].
A randomized trial of lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone (RD) versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E4A03): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. [abstract].
BiRD (Biaxin [clarithromycin]/Revlimid [lenalidomide]/dexamethasone) combination therapy results in high complete- and overall-response rates in treatment-naive symptomatic multiple myeloma.
VELCADE/Dexamethasone (Vel/D) versus VAD as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantion (ASCT) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): updated results of the IFM 2005/01 trial [abstract 450].
A phase II study of combination of bortezomib, liposomal doxorubin, and dexamethasone (VDD) as first line therapy for multiple myeloma [abstract 17504].
DSMM XI study: dose definition for intravenous cyclophosphamide in combination with bortezomib/dexamethasone for remission induction in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma.
Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: encouraging efficacy in high risk groups with updated results of a phase I/II study. [abstract 92].
Safety and efficacy of novel combination therapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: initial results from the phase I/II multi-center EVOLUTION study. [abstract 93].
Phase II PETHEMA trial of alternating bortezomib and dexamethasone as induction regimen before autologous stem-cell transplantation in younger patients with multiple myeloma: efficacy and clinical implications of tumor response kinetics.
Autologous stem cell transplant in 716 patients with multiple myeloma: low treatment-related mortality, feasibility of outpatient transplant, and effect of a multidisciplinary quality initiative.
High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial.
High-dose therapy and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation compared with conventional treatment in myeloma patients aged 55 to 65 years: long-term results of a randomized control trial from the Group Myelome-Autogreffe.
Programa para el Estudio de la Terapéutica en Hemopatía Maligna (PETHEMA)
et al.
High-dose therapy intensification compared with continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to the initial chemotherapy: long-term results from a prospective randomized trial from the Spanish cooperative group PETHEMA.
A randomized trial of lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone (RD) versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E4A03): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [abstract].
Mobilization in myeloma revisited: IMWG consensus perspectives on stem cell collection following initial therapy with thalidomide-, lenalidomide-, or bortezomib-containing regimens.
Impact of lenalidomide therapy on stem cell mobilization and engraftment post-peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma.
Single versus tandem high dose therapy (HDT) supported with autologous blood stem cell (ABSC) transplantation using unselected or CD34-enriched ABSC: results of a two by two designed randomized trial in 230 young patients with multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract P10.2.2].
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation versus autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: a retrospective case-matched study from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.
Prospective comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by dose-reduced allograft (IFM99-03 trial) with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation (IFM99-04 trial) in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma.
Complete response in myeloma extends survival without, but not with history of prior monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or smouldering disease.
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